Workbench · Electronics Bench

⚡ Electronics BenchLessons Solar module

Microcontrollers

Arduino Uno R3ATmega328P, 5 V, write C++ sketches

Raspberry Pi 4 (GPIO)40-pin header, Python 3

Raspberry Pi PicoRP2040, 3.3 V, MicroPython

Instruments

Multimeter (TH-M100)V, Ω, continuity, 10 A

Function generatorsine, square, triangle, saw

Logic probeHIGH / LOW / PULSE pen

Oscilloscope (2 channel)see voltages change over time

Logic analyzer (8 ch)see HIGH/LOW on 8 pins over time

Boards

Breadboard (830 holes)63 columns, 4 power rails

Power

Battery9 V, 2×AA or 12 V lead-acid

Bench power supply0–30 V with current limit

Solar panel 55 WVoc 24.5 V, Isc 2.83 A

Solar charge controller 10 A PWMpanel → battery → load, with LVD

DC-DC converter modulebuck-boost or LM2596 buck

Inverter 300 W pure sine12 V DC → 230 V AC

INA226 current/voltage sensorshunt + I2C power monitor

LM7805 5 V regulator7–25 V in → steady 5 V out

Passive

Resistorlimits current, ¼ W

Ceramic capacitorsmall values, no polarity

Electrolytic capacitorbig values, polarised!

Inductorresists changes in current

Potentiometerturn the knob: adjustable divider

Blade fuseblows on too much current

LDR (light sensor)resistance falls in bright light

NTC thermistor 10 kΩresistance falls when warm

Semiconductors

Diode 1N4007one-way valve for current

Zener diode 1N4733 (5.1 V)holds 5.1 V when reversed

NPN transistor 2N2222small current at B switches C→E

PNP transistor 2N2907pull B low to switch E→C

N-MOSFET 2N7000voltage on G switches D→S

P-MOSFET IRF9540 (TO-220)high-side power switch

Switches

Push buttonon only while pressed

Slide switch (SPDT)middle leg goes left or right

Toggle switch (SPST)simple ON / OFF

Logic switchclick: OUT = VCC or GND

DIP switch ×88 tiny on/off switches

Relay 5 V (SPDT)a small current switches a big one

Digital ICs

74HC00 quad NAND4 × NAND gate

74HC02 quad NOR4 × NOR gate

74HC04 hex inverter6 × NOT gate

74HC08 quad AND4 × AND gate

74HC32 quad OR4 × OR gate

74HC86 quad XOR4 × XOR gate

74HC74 dual D flip-flop2 × D flip-flop

74HC138 3-to-8 decoderone of 8 outputs goes LOW

74LS47 BCD to 7-segmentdrives a common-anode display

74LS90 decade countercounts 0–9 in BCD

NE555 timerclock / blinker / one-shot

CD4017 decade counterLED chaser: one of 10 outputs HIGH

74HC595 shift register3 wires in, 8 outputs

74HC161 4-bit countercounts 0–15 in binary

74HC14 Schmitt inverter6 × NOT with hysteresis

LM358 dual op-ampamplifier, buffer, comparator

LM393 dual comparatoris IN+ above IN−? (open collector)

Output

LED (5 mm)long leg = anode (+)

Active buzzer (5 V)beeps when powered

DC motor (3–6 V)spins faster with more current

Lamp 12 V 5 Wglows with power

7-segment displaycommon cathode or anode

12 V DC fan (10 W)spins on 12 V DC, ~0.85 A

WiFi router (barrel jack)12 V router, ~7 W

Phone / power bank (USB)charges from 5 V USB

RGB LED (common cathode)mix red, green and blue

LED bar graph (10)10 LEDs in one package